Dr. Simon J. Hook Profile

Dr. Simon J. Hook

Research Scientist at Jet Propulsion Lab

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Author

Publications (25)

Proceedings Article | 30 September 2022 Presentation + Paper

Early radiometric performance of Landsat-9 Thermal Infrared Sensor

Julia Barsi, Matthew Montanaro, Kurtis Thome, Nina Raqueno, Simon Hook, Cody Anderson, Esad Micijevic

Proceedings Volume 12232, 122320U (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2634058

KEYWORDS: Landsat, Earth observing sensors, Calibration, Stray light, Black bodies

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Proceedings Article | 19 August 2021 Presentation + Paper

Landsat-8 TIRS radiometric calibration status

Julia Barsi, Brian Markham, Matthew Montanaro, Simon Hook, Nina Raqueno, Esad Micijevic, Kerry Cawse-Nicholson

Proceedings Volume 11829, 118290F (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2595527

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Black bodies, Landsat, Earth observing sensors, Sensors, Data acquisition, Contamination

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Proceedings Article | 16 September 2020 Presentation + Paper

Landsat-8 TIRS thermal radiometric calibration status

Julia Barsi, Brian Markham, Matthew Montanaro, Simon Hook, Nina Raqueno, Jeffrey Miller, Rasa Willette

Proceedings Volume 11501, 115010L (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2567807

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Earth observing sensors, Landsat, Error analysis, Sensors, Stray light, Infrared sensors, Infrared imaging, Thermography, Infrared radiation

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The Landsat-8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) has been acquiring two-band thermal infrared images of the Earth’s surface since 2013. The calibration of the two-band system has been monitored using the on-board calibrator and validated with vicarious calibration performed by NASA/JPL and RIT since launch. Soon after launch, it was discovered that the instrument had a significant stray light effect that was affecting the radiometric calibration. The stray light was corrected in the processing system in 2017. Since then, it has become apparent that there was an additional radiometric error, based on the vicarious calibration results. With a failure within the primary electronic system and subsequent switch to the redundant electronic system, the TIRS instrument effectively has two separate calibration regimes. The vicarious calibration found a statistically significant calibration error, primarily a constant over time, in Band 11 on the primary electronics (Feb 11, 2013 through March 5, 2015) of about -0.6K at 300K. The calibration error in Band 10 was smaller though still statistically significant at about 0.2K at 300K. On the redundant side (March 5, 2015 to present), the calibration error is more signal dependent than time dependent. Both bands are affected, with Band 10 having an error between 1K and -0.4K (between 273-320K) and Band 11 having an error between 0.8K and -1.44K (between 273-320K). This calibration error will be corrected within the USGS Landsat Product Generation System with the release of Landsat Collection-2 products. The Collection-2 release also includes a correction to the relative radiometric calibration of TIRS data. Striping as a result of poor detector-to-detector normalization has been increasing in the imagery since launch. The TIRS relative radiometric calibration will be updated based on internal calibrator data to remove the stripes on a quarterly basis. The visible stripes are generally at 0.1-0.2% level, though there are some detectors in each band that have changed by 1% or more. The Collection-2 release will result in much more uniform TIRS images.

Proceedings Article | 23 October 2018 Paper

Landsat-8 on-orbit and Landsat-9 pre-launch sensor radiometric characterization

Brian Markham, Julia Barsi, Matthew Montanaro, Joel McCorkel, Aaron Gerace, Jeffrey Pedelty, Simon Hook, Nina Raqueno, Cody Anderson, Md Obaidul Haque

Proceedings Volume 10781, 1078104 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2324715

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Earth observing sensors, Landsat, Stray light, Calibration, Lamps, Signal to noise ratio, Infrared sensors, Electronics, Diffusers

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Landsat-8 has been operating on-orbit for 5+ years. Its two sensors, the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), are continuing to produce high quality data. The OLI has been radiometrically stable at the better than 0.3% level on a band average basis for all but the shortest wavelength (443 nm) band, which has degraded about 1.3% since launch. All on-board calibration devices continue to perform well and consistently. No gaps in across track coverage exist as 100% operability of the detectors is maintained. The variability over time of detector responsivity within a band relative to the average is better than 0.05% (1 sigma), though there are occasional detectors that jump up to 1.5% in response in the Short-Wave InfraRed (SWIR) bands. Signal-to-Noise performance continues at 2-3x better than requirements, with a small degradation in the 443 nm band commensurate with the loss in sensitivity. Pre-launch error analysis, combined with the stability of the OLI indicates that the absolute reflectance calibration uncertainty is better than 3%; comparisons to ground measurements and comparisons to other sensors are consistent with this. The Landsat-8 TIRS is similarly radiometrically stable, showing changes of at most 0.3% over the mission. The uncertainty in the absolute calibration as well as the detector to detector variability are largely driven by the stray light response of TIRS. The current processing corrects most of the stray light effects, resulting in absolute uncertainties of ~1% and reduced striping. Efforts continue to further reduce the striping. Noise equivalent delta temperature is about 50 mK at typical temperatures and 100% detector operability is maintained. Landsat-9 is currently under development with a launch no earlier than December 2020. The nearly identical OLI-2 and upgraded TIRS-2 sensors have completed integration and are in the process of instrument level performance characterization including spectral, spatial, radiometric and geometric testing. Component and assembly level measurements of the OLI-2, which include spectral response, radiometric response and stray light indicate comparable performance to OLI. The first functional tests occurred in July 2018 and spatial performance testing in vacuum is scheduled for August 2018. Similarly, for TIRS-2, partially integrated instrument level testing indicated spectral and spatial responses comparable to TIRS, with stray light reduced by approximately an order of magnitude from TIRS.

Proceedings Article | 5 September 2017 Paper

Landsat-8 TIRS thermal radiometric calibration status

Julia Barsi, Brian Markham, Matthew Montanaro, Aaron Gerace, Simon Hook, John Schott, Nina Raqueno, Ron Morfitt

Proceedings Volume 10402, 104021G (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2276045

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Earth observing sensors, Landsat, Imaging systems, Satellites, Sensors, Stray light, Algorithm development, Radiometry, Infrared sensors

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2016 Presentation + Paper

Landsat-7 ETM+ radiometric calibration status

Julia Barsi, Brian Markham, Jeffrey Czapla-Myers, Dennis Helder, Simon Hook, John Schott, Md. Obaidul Haque

Proceedings Volume 9972, 99720C (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2238625

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Reflectivity, Earth observing sensors, Landsat, Satellites, Photonic integrated circuits, MODIS, Sensors, Lamps, Databases

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Proceedings Article | 20 May 2016 Paper

Mid and thermal infrared remote sensing at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

William Johnson, Simon Hook

Proceedings Volume 9819, 98190H (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2225527

KEYWORDS: Thermography, Infrared imaging, Infrared radiation, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Mid-IR, Spectroscopy, Thermography, Infrared imaging, Infrared radiation, Temperature metrology, Radiometry, Microbolometers

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2014 Paper

ASTER/TIR vicarious calibration activities in US and Japan validation sites for 14 years

Hideyuki Tonooka, Simon Hook, Tsuneo Matsunaga, Soushi Kato, Elsa Abbott, Howard Tan

Proceedings Volume 9218, 92180S (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2065512

KEYWORDS: Virtual colonoscopy, Calibration, Temperature metrology, Sensors, Thermography, Infrared radiation, Black bodies, Satellites, Radiative transfer, Radiometry

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2014 Paper

Characterization and performance of the prototype HyspIRI-TIR (PHyTIR) sensor

William Johnson, Simon Hook, Marc Foote, Bjorn Eng, Bruno Jau

Proceedings Volume 9222, 922208 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2063194

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mirrors, Optical filters, Black bodies, Signal to noise ratio, Readout integrated circuits, Multiplexers, Prototyping, Staring arrays, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 28 May 2014 Paper

Remote gas plume sensing and imaging with NASA’s Hyperspectral Thermal Emission Spectrometer (HyTES).

William Johnson, Glynn Hulley, Simon Hook

Proceedings Volume 9101, 91010V (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2049005

KEYWORDS: Spectroscopy, Long wavelength infrared, Remote sensing, Methane, Thermal remote sensing, Thermal sensing, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Gases, Imaging spectroscopy, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 9 November 2012 Paper

Improvements to radiometric consistency between AVHRR, MODIS, and VIIRS in SST bands using MICROS online near-real time system

Xingming Liang, Alexander Ignatov, Quanhua Liu, Yong Chen, David Groff, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Changyong Cao, Eva Borbas, Simon Hook

Proceedings Volume 8528, 85280I (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.979597

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Satellites, Calibration, Atmospheric modeling, Clouds, Data processing, Transmittance, Aerosols, Satellite imaging

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Proceedings Article | 24 October 2012 Paper

Infrared instrument support for HyspIRI-TIR

William Johnson, Simon Hook, Marc Foote, Bjorn Eng, Bruno Jau

Proceedings Volume 8511, 851102 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.929091

KEYWORDS: Infrared radiation, Thermography, Infrared imaging, Prototyping, Mirrors, Sensors, Imaging systems, Infrared spectroscopy, Black bodies, Short wave infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 16 September 2011 Paper

High speed, multi-channel, thermal instrument development in support of HyspIRI-TIR

William Johnson, Simon Hook, Marc Foote, Bjorn Eng, Bruno Jau

Proceedings Volume 8155, 81550X (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.895152

KEYWORDS: Infrared imaging, Thermography, Infrared radiation, Prototyping, Mirrors, Imaging systems, Infrared spectroscopy, Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Staring arrays

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2009 Paper

Landsat-7 and Landsat-5 thermal band calibration updates

Julia Barsi, Brian Markham, John Schott, Simon Hook, Nina Raqueno

Proceedings Volume 7452, 74520S (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828501

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Error analysis, Earth observing sensors, Data acquisition, Data archive systems, Camera shutters, Data centers, Landsat, Mirrors, Temperature metrology

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Landsat-7 ETM+, launched in April 1999, and Landsat-5 TM, launched in 1984, both have a single thermal band. Both instruments' thermal band calibrations have been updated: ETM+ in 2001 for a pre-launch calibration error and TM in 2007 for data acquired since the current era of vicarious calibration has been in place (1999). This year, the vicarious calibration teams have made regular collects of very hot targets, and have been able to make use of archived buoy data to extend the TM calibration back in time. The new data has made it clear that both instruments require slight adjustments in their thermal calibration coefficients. These new coefficients will be generated and put into the operational processing system to remove the calibration errors. The JPL vicarious calibration team has long operated automated buoys on Lake Tahoe for the purpose of vicarious calibration. This year, the Salton Sea station came on line. Salton Sea, located in southern California, gets far hotter than Lake Tahoe. Vicarious calibration results of the Salton Sea for both instruments added to the understanding of a small gain error that the Tahoe data had suggested. With the Salton Sea data, an ETM+ gain error became statistically significant. Though it causes errors as large as 1.2K at high temperatures (35C), at more usual earth temperatures (4-20C) the calibration error is within the noise of the calibration methodology (+/-0.6K). With an ETM+ calibration update, the RMSE will be +/-0.6K for all temperatures. The RIT vicarious calibration team mined the archive of the NOAA National Data Buoy Center for sites on the Great Lakes and in the Atlantic Ocean where buoy data was regularly available between 1984 and 2007 and there were radiosonde data within close proximity to allow for atmospheric correction. Four Landsat scenes were chosen and the study made use of almost 200 separate acquisitions of these scenes. The technique was first tested with Landsat-7 data, and was shown to be as reliable as the standard RIT vicarious calibration methods. The TM calibration was largely unmonitored for most if it's lifetime. The buoy results suggest a lifetime error in gain and a change in the offset after 1997. The 2007 TM calibration update accounted for much of the offset error but was only implemented for data acquired after 1999. With the additional buoy data, the calibration will be corrected for the earlier time period and the result will be a consistent calibration to within +/-0.6K for the lifetime of the TM.

Proceedings Article | 19 August 2009 Paper

Towards HyTES: an airborne thermal imaging spectroscopy instrument

William Johnson, Simon Hook, Pantazis Mouroulis, Daniel Wilson, Sarath Gunapala, Cory Hill, Jason Mumolo, Vincent Realmuto, Bjorn Eng

Proceedings Volume 7457, 745706 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.826416

KEYWORDS: Spectrometers, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Thermography, Infrared radiation, Staring arrays, Black bodies, Sensors, Imaging spectroscopy, Infrared imaging, Optical design

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 2009 Paper

Thermal infrared spectral imager for airborne science applications

William Johnson, Simon Hook, Pantazis Mouroulis, Daniel Wilson, Sarath Gunapala, Cory Hill, Jason Mumolo, Vincent Realmuto, Bjorn Eng

Proceedings Volume 7298, 729802 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.829083

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Spectrometers, Thermography, Infrared radiation, Infrared imaging, Staring arrays, Black bodies, Sensors, Diffraction gratings, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 27 August 2008 Paper

QWEST: Quantum Well Infrared Earth Science Testbed

William Johnson, Simon Hook, Pantazis Mouroulis, Daniel Wilson, Sarath Gunapala, Cory Hill, Jason Mumolo, Bjorn Eng

Proceedings Volume 7086, 708606 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.802225

KEYWORDS: Spectroscopy, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Infrared radiation, Black bodies, Infrared spectroscopy, Diffraction gratings, Quantum wells, Earth sciences, Sensors, Long wavelength infrared

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2007 Paper

Aqua MODIS L1B radiometric accuracy update for TIR bands: Tahoe 2006 field data from the NASA ER-2

Christopher Moeller, Simon Hook, Robert Knuteson, David Tobin

Proceedings Volume 6677, 66770N (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.734577

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Ozone, Satellites, Calibration, Sensors, Clouds, Atmospheric corrections, Atmospheric modeling, Infrared imaging, Thermography

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Proceedings Article | 30 October 2006 Paper

Landsat TM and ETM+ thermal band calibration

Julia Barsi, Simon Hook, Frank Palluconi, John Schott, Nina Raqueno

Proceedings Volume 6296, 62960F (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.683212

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Earth observing sensors, Landsat, Sensors, Stanford Linear Collider, Data acquisition, Black bodies, Databases, Camera shutters, Satellites

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Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) has been imaging the Earth since March 1984 and Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) was added to the series of Landsat instruments in April 1999. The stability and calibration of the ETM+ has been monitored extensively since launch. Though not monitored for many years, TM now has a similar system in place to monitor stability and calibration. University teams have been evaluating the on-board calibration of the instruments through ground-based measurements since 1999. This paper considers the calibration efforts for the thermal band, Band 6, of both the Landsat-5 and Landsat-7 instruments. Initial calibration results for the Landsat-7 ETM+ thermal band found a bias error which was corrected through changes in the processing systems in late 2000. Recent results are suggesting a calibration error in gain, apparent with high temperature targets. For typical earth temperature targets, from about 5-20C, the gain error is small enough to be within the noise of the vicarious calibration process. However, for very high temperature targets (greater then 35C), Landsat-7 appears to be predicting several degrees too low. Questions remain on whether the change happened suddenly or is varying slowly, so the team will wait for another collection season before making any updates to the calibration. The calibration efforts for Landsat-5 TM considers only data collected since 1999, though there are efforts underway to extend the calibration history prior to the Landsat-7 launch. The latest data suggests that the Landsat-5 thermal band has a bias error of about 0.65K too low since 1999. Studies early in the life of Landsat-5 show that the instrument was calibrated within the error of the calibration process. It is impossible to tell, at this point, when or how the change in bias may have occurred. A correction will be calculated and implemented in the US processing system in 2006 for data acquired since April 1999.

Proceedings Article | 7 September 2006 Paper

Assessing MODIS LWIR band calibration accuracy

Christopher Moeller, Simon Hook, David Tobin, Von Walden

Proceedings Volume 6296, 62960B (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.680933

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Long wavelength infrared, Mirrors, Temperature metrology, Optical filters, Atmospheric modeling, Black bodies, Sensors, Spectral resolution

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Proceedings Article | 23 August 2005 Paper

Validation of Landsat 7 ETM+ band 6 radiometric performance

Frank Palluconi, Simon Hook, Ali Abtahi, Ron Alley

Proceedings Volume 5882, 58820C (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620013

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Temperature metrology, Sensors, Image sensors, Landsat, Radiometry, Atmospheric sensing, Black bodies, Camera shutters, Earth observing sensors

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Proceedings Article | 22 August 2005 Paper

Validation of a web-based atmospheric correction tool for single thermal band instruments

Julia Barsi, John Schott, Frank Palluconi, Simon Hook

Proceedings Volume 5882, 58820E (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.619990

KEYWORDS: Earth observing sensors, Atmospheric corrections, Atmospheric modeling, Calibration, Landsat, Temperature metrology, Satellites, Radiative transfer, Sensors, Thermography

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Proceedings Article | 12 December 2001 Paper

EOS ASTER thermal infrared band vicarious calibration

Frank Palluconi, Hideyuki Tonooka, Simon Hook, Ali Abtahi, Ronald Alley, Tim Thompson, Gordon Hoover, Serj Zadourian

Proceedings Volume 4540, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450667

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Temperature metrology, Calibration, Radiometry, Image sensors, Thermography, Infrared radiation, Black bodies, Atmospheric sensing, Image acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 11 December 1998 Paper

Atmospheric effects on the temperature emissivity separation algorithm

Cesar Coll, Thomas Schmugge, Simon Hook

Proceedings Volume 3499, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.332776

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric corrections, Atmospheric sensing, Vegetation, Sensors, Atmospheric modeling, Detection and tracking algorithms, Soil science, Thermography, Infrared radiation, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 21 October 1996 Paper

Temperature and emissivity separation from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images

Alan Gillespie, Tsuneo Matsunaga, Shuichi Rokugawa, Simon Hook

Proceedings Volume 2817, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.255172

KEYWORDS: Nanoelectromechanical systems, Temperature metrology, Atmospheric corrections, Numerical simulations, Reflectivity, Black bodies, Calibration, Image restoration, Monte Carlo methods, Remote sensing

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