The technique of color photography with black-and-white film is presented. It is basically a physical method for color photography, and so has the advantages of no color fading and environmental pollution problems. The prototype instruments for the color encoding and color decoding are also introduced.

Conjugate image plane correlator with holographic disk memory is proposed. Optical correlation between the conjugate images reconstructed from holographic disk and input image on liquid-crystal television are executed under the rotation of disk. It was found that nevertheless of Fourier hologram recording with pseudorandom diffuser it is possible to take out the diffuser from original hologram recording scheme and get correlation signals between input and reconstructed conjugate images at output plane of two lens imaging system under image reconstruction process. The generation of conjugate replicas with high contrast causes an exact matching with input image which results in high recognition performance for autocorrelation signals. The real-time character recognition by optical parallel high- speed processing for 2D images with position normalization are demonstrated.

A set of new algorithms for image connection is presented in this paper. Firstly in order to improve the quality of medical ultrasonic image, we adopt the adaptive weighted median filter to suppress the speckle noise and employ the adaptive histogram equalization to enhance the details. Secondly the image connection based on the image matching technique is performed. Thirdly to get a seamless and smoothed connected image we employ interpolating and smoothing operation. At the last part of the paper, we give the experiment results and conclusions.

A nonlinear joint transform correlation (NLJTC) used for moving object tracking was proposed in this paper. In the proposed NLJTC, a high contrast liquid crystal light valve was used to implement real-time joint power spectrum nonlinear processing. Moving object tracking principle is described. Experimental results were given and analyzed.

Adaptive nonlinear optical correlators and joint transform correlators with a nonlinearity in the correlator's Fourier plane are investigated with the purpose of optimization (in terms of the correlators' discrimination capability in target location in cluttered background) of nonlinearities' parameters and of judgment of the discrimination capability's sensitivity to such design factors as limitation of the nonlinearity's dynamic range and resolution power.

Optical distortion can be corrected by a digital circuit in the process that the images are grabbed or displayed. The correcting process is in fact the transformation from the distorted image plane to the distortionless image plane. A standard calibrating sample plate is used to get the transformation function. To meet the requirement of real time operating, transformation function is presented as a table form. Therefore the correction is just a course of table-lookuping. The digital circuit has been designed to realize the correction process. And the software is working with the hardware to get the transformation table. Some experiment data are proposed in the paper to show the results of the calibration and analyze the correcting errors.

A optical system to get the wavelet transform coefficient which needed in encoding system is discussed in our paper. A reference beam was used in our system to get the positive or negative information of the signal. An reconstruction based on the signal proved the feasibility and reliability of our system. Some problems are discussed in the end of this paper.

The effect of the quality of printing paper, which is a main factor of the reproduction of picture and character, on the reproduction quality of picture and character by the optical information theory is studied. The optical transfer function that is applied to evaluate the imaging character of printing paper is obtained.

This paper presents a method based on the image matching to extend the measuring range of AFM. By this way, we can extend the measuring range of AFM without changing the hardware structure of AFM system. It is proved that this method is powerful to resist the noise and the images can be matched precisely and quickly. In principle, the measuring range of AFM can be extended unlimitedly.

In this paper, a four-channel holographic associative memory system with electrical data bank was presented, whose basic processing unit was a photorefractive-based correlator. Furthermore, a diode-pumped solid-state laser was introduced into the system, which exhibited a lot the potentiality of a compact associative memory with multi-channel synchronizing processing architecture.

This paper presents a new system of echocardiographic visual processing and quantitative analysis, which can be used in computer aided diagnosis. Detection of the left ventricular boundaries in cardiac images is essential for the quantitative analysis. Our new approach incorporates a priori knowledge of heart geometry (a set of constraints), its brightness distribution, and Sobel operator detection in polar coordinate into the boundaries detection algorithm. Then we employ the outline chain-code tracking technique for echocardiogram computation and quantitative analysis. The procedure is demonstrated by using echocardiograms of the human heart.

In this paper, we first introduce the definition of quantum information optics and expound the essential distinction between quantum and classical information optics. Secondly, the five great subjects on the research of quantum information optics are summarized. Finally, the recent experimental progress on the preparation (or generation) of quantum states (or quantum information) in some semiconductor devices and materials are introduced and reviewed in detail.

We report a new experimental result to generate open-loop correlation nonclassical state of the light by means of the technique of quantum information copy in a series-coupled LEDs system at room temperature. Quantum fluctuation of the intensity difference between open-loop twin beam of the light has been squeezed below the standard quantum limit of the light by 9.5 dB (88.8%) at the frequency of 2 MHz, the corresponding squeezed bandwidth is broader than 1 - 50 MHz.

Optimal incoherent filters are proposed for distortion- invariant and noise-tolerance correlation. The optical transfer function (OTF) of the correlator is specified as a realizable phase-only term which is modified by a passband function. The phase-only term is optimized by the simulated annealing for producing a sharp and distortion-invariant correlation peak, and the passband function is selected by a direct iterative search algorithm to achieve the noise- tolerant image recognition. The designed OTF is generated by dual-filter synthesis. The correlation output is obtained from the subtraction between the correlation of two realizable filters with the input image. Optical experiments and computer simulations show that the proposed correlator can yield a sharp correlation peak with excellent distortion robustness and noise tolerance.

A new method to produced self-similar pattern is described in this paper. The method that applies a series of primary pictures makes Fourier transformation and convolution operation. If all pictures are characterized by similar Fourier spectrums, which have different scales, the fractal images can be obtained in the output plane. Experiments show the regular multifractality can be generated by optical instruments completely with this method.

This paper describes the application of parallel processing technique in optical pattern recognition. We present a multiplexing parallel processing system. A plane optical lenslet array is used to produce multiple paralled beam, which read out multiimage of object from LCLV. The parallel iterative algorithm is adopted to design the bank of eigenfunction filters. Multiplexing correlation results are processed and determined synthetically. At last the recognition results are provided.

A real-time hybrid joint transform correlator (JTC) with parallel processing architecture that use two liquid crystal light valves spatial light modulators, two VP32 image boards and two optical wavefront-division multiplexers as the key parts was presented. Using this hybrid JTC< real-time high- efficiency joint transform correlation, high-speed joint transform correlation and four-channel joint transform correlation were realized. The hybrid JTC system has also been used in the domain of morphological complex-valued kernel scale-space image processing. In this paper, the principles of the above experiments are described, experimental results are also given and analyzed.

One of the methods of boundary expansion of holographic interferometry measurements consists of IR-lasers using as radiation sources. At the present time a photothermoplastic materials can be considered as one of the reverse materials registrating IR radiation. The area of their spectral sensitivity lies in the ranges of 400 - 1150 nm. A certain method of recording has been developed for the purpose of expansion of the range wave lengths registered on thermoplastic carriers.

Analytical solutions for the equations that describe the steady-state photorefractive two-wave mixing with rapidly phase-modulated beams are presented. The results show that the volume index of refraction grating automatically aligns so that it coherently couples the signal and local oscillator fields just like a fixed beamsplitter in a conventional homodyne receiver structure.

The implementation strategy of optical wavelet transform for texture information processing is discussed in this paper. An opto-electronic hybrid system is constructed for texture segmentation, which is based on the multi-channel filtering framework in the early stages of human visual theory. First, a traditional optical system with a Damman grating as the beam splitter and a bank of Gabor wavelets as the channel filters is set up for feature extraction, and several clustering algorithms are then used for feature integration. Furthermore, a novel binary optical element with the functions of splitting, filtering and imaging is designed and fabricated to simplify the traditional system. The experimental results and the primary applications are also provided.

Handling of optical information has become increasingly digital in nature and digital concept and techniques play an ever more dominant role. The representation of the data to be handled is of concern in the system design. Such systems consist of several units classified by their function: encoding, transmission, processing, storage, and decoding of information. Coding schemes have been introduced and developed to accommodate transducer problems between distribution of energy and material properties.Electronic devices and systems have had a significant impact on the treatment of 2- and 3-D information and have to be adapted and developed accordingly. Gradually, sophisticated computational abilities have been added together with ideas to convert 1-D modulated signals into 2-D ones. The gained additional degrees of freedom can be used to optimize the process and sampling and quantization requires refined software to filly utilize existing hardware. The flexibility to include processing of the information locally and/or globally has opened new extensions of and possibilities in, the field of synthetic counterparts of established physical methods and techniques. The spectrum of digital optical coding techniques range from sequential, pixelwise to iterative methods. Major classes of algorithms will be illustrated. Competing specific requirements, needs and tolerances will influence the choice of a suitable algorithm. Keywords: digital holography, cmputer-generated holograms, diffractive elements, hologram design

Recently there has been a great deal of interest in the optical implementation of wavelet transforms for image processing. In this paper, we discuss applications of the wavelet transform to image analysis, rotation and scale invariance, and pattern recognition in the presence of background noise. We describe a method for scale and rotation invariant pattern recognition based on wavelet features of an image. Finally, we give an example of using discrete wavelet filters to extract information from an image.

Presented is the analyses of influence of Hadamard coding system on imaging error in laser coding Synthetic Aperture Radar. The result shows that using Hadamard coding can increase the amplitude of echo signal and reduce noise. Coding and sampling circuit possess good linearly respond property.

A diffractive optical element (DOE) offering a uniform illumination for ICF is designed by geometrical transformation combined with Yang-Gu algorithm. By properly choosing the quantization opportunity, the DOE with 16 phase-levels generating uniform focal spots with rms < 4% and (tau) > 90% is obtained. The quality degradation of the focus caused by the noise of input beam is analyzed. Computer simulations show that the element has enough ability of anti-noise.

In this paper we show the relationship among the Lagrange invariant, the interference invariant and the space bandwidth product, they are important in geometrical optics, physical optics and information optics. And we give a method of calculating the space bandwidth product of optical system.

A new image nonlinear segmentation method which is based on feedforward multilayer neural network (MLN) is presented in this paper. The example of using proposed MLN technique for cross overlapped chromosome image segmentation is given. In contrast to gray-level threshold technique, the MLN method is based on spatial coordination classification. From the experiments it can be concluded that the MLN in particular shows promise of being a useful method for image nonlinear segmentation.

Despite of its slow learning time, back-propagation (BP) is one of the most widely used neural network training algorithms. In this paper, a nonlinear stretch method is presented that modifies the nonlinear activation function of BP algorithm to speed up the convergence. A invariant target recognition system based on BP neural network using this method and moment invariants is studied. Simulative recognitions on aircrafts and vehicles show that the speed of convergence is increased effectively.

We employ the genetic algorithm to design a binary optical element system which transforms the Gaussian beam into the uniform circular ring beam. The transformation system is composed of two binary optical elements with 8 phase levels which are placed coaxially. The numerical results indicate that the transformed wavefront has a near-desired waveform and high energy transformed efficiency (tau) equals 87.3%. The genetic algorithm is better that the other usually used algorithms such as input-output iterative algorithm and stationary phase algorithm. The comparison with the three algorithms are shown in this paper, too.

Binary interferograms can encode in a simple, reliable fashion, 1D phase variations. Here, we describe a simple technique for encoding as binary interferograms. Dammann array illumination, and Lohmann array illuminators.

In this paper, a new type optical splitters is described. The splitter, a varied phase structure grating which is made with binary optical technique, can continuously adjust splitting ratio of two light beams. The relation between splitters structure and two split beams energy is given by vibration curve method, experimental results are presented and discussed too.

This paper will review the requirements and status of the component and material technologies required to bring holographic storage successfully to the marketplace. Emphasis will be placed on satisfying the demanding system requirements, such as bit error rate and design margins, for an integrated, fully functional storage device.

Recent work on dynamic fiber holographic processes is discussed. Fabrication of single-crystal fibers using a laser-heated pedestal growth system is given. Angular and wavelength selectives are calculated which show that wavelength-multiplexed reflection fiber hologram offers higher and uniform selectivity. Channel cross-talk is also evaluated; we show that the cross-talk noise can be subsided by using narrower spectral light source. Applications of the fiber hologram to fiber-sensing and also to tunable filters are provided.

A new suggestion that there is a phase jump of (pi) in the boundary wave is put forward in this paper. This suggestion may be a supplement of Huygens-Fresnel principle. Based on this new suggestion, a series of new beam was invented, both outside and inside laser cavity. Especially, a new CO₂ laser with equivalent beam quality factor M²_e < 1 is achieved. It can be considered as the result of some controllable nonlinear self-focusing, and the physical background of deformed quantum mechanics.

Utilizing ultrashort laser pulses, the temporal and spatial resolution approach the same order of magnitude. In that case the limited speed of light sometimes causes large measuring errors if correction methods are not introduced. Therefore, we want to revive the Minkowski diagram, which was invented in 1908 to visualize relativistic relations between time and space. We show how this diagram in a modified form can be used to derive both the static holodiagram, used for conventional holography, including ultra-high-speed recordings of wavefronts, and a dynamic holodiagram used for studying the apparent distortions of objects recorded at relativistic speeds. The holodiagram explains the apparent distortions of wavefronts and objects both in the laboratory and in outer space.

Under certain well-defined circumstances, it is possible to record the ^yieldsx-t orbit or world line of a moving point source holographically. Computer holograms of world lines are also possible. Although aspects of this work were performed 30 years ago, this is the first systematic treatment of the subject.

A new physical model for volume hologram was proposed. Volume hologram was considered as a series coupled Fabry- Perot etalon. The multi beam interference makes band width of volume hologram to be very narrow. The positive feedback of Fabry-Perot provide high diffraction efficiency of volume hologram. Computer simulations based on the new model showed a good consistency with the coupled wave theory and previous experimental results.

The vertical angular selectivity of volume holographic gratings in photorefractive crystals is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The vertical selective angle and the shape of the grating degeneracy lines are derived by using a simplified geometrical model relating the k-vector sphere to the reference point plane. The study shows that volume gratings have finite selectivity in vertical direction, so that grating degeneracy does not occur along vertical lines.

It is proved theoretically and experimentally in this paper that the diffraction efficiency and resolution of optical fiber image plane hologram can be enhanced by decreasing the single fiber core diameter of image-carrying optical fiber bundle and increasing the unit area fiber number.

To evaluate a hologram by measuring its optical density D, diffraction efficiency (tau) and signal-noise ratio SNR is a conventional method in holography. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for evaluation of a thin, phase holograms by testing phase modulation together with D, (tau) and SNR. Many properties of the thin, phase holograms are related to phase modulation, so that to control the value of phase modulation in making a thin, phase hologram is important. The value of the phase modulation of a hologram can be obtained by measuring the irradiance of its zero and first- order diffraction and calculating their ratio. This method will help holographers to obtain a perfect understanding of a thin, phase hologram and help them to choose the optimum parameters of exposure so as to obtain an expectation result. The theoretical analysis of this method are given and some applications are also introduced.

A systematic investigation is carried out on the optimization of diffraction efficiency (DE) of only methylene blue sensitized gelatin (MBG) holograms. The influence of the following factors on DE are studied: the concentration of methylene blue (Cm), the concentration of ammonium dichromate solution (Ca), swelling temperature (Ts), exposure (E) and the relative humidity of air (RH). This study shows that under the condition of Cm-0.009%; Ca- 5%; Ts within 35 - 45 degree(s)C; E-150 mJ/cm²; RH within 45 - 65%, an optimum DE of over 80%, even 90% can be achieved in MBG holograms. In our experiments we find that a moderate DE(35%) is obtained without dichromate solution in post- processing. In order to know the role which the condition of bathing the plate in a dichromate solution plays and the photo-chemical mechanism of forming the interference pattern in the films, the X-ray spectra are made, the Cr³⁺ ligands are not found; this means that the quantity of Cr³⁺ ligands is too small to measure, even if its is existing in the processed film. These results can not be interpreted with the normal photo-chemical mechanism of forming the holograms.

An experimental formula for slitless rainbow hologram diffraction efficiency will be obtained from speckle theory and multiple-exposure theory in this paper. The results obtained from this formula tally with a vast amount of experimental data. This paper will solve the problem that the diffraction efficiency of slitless rainbow hologram not be estimated in theory over a long time.

The effect of prehardening and processing procedure of dichromated gelatin (DCG) on the broadband characteristics of reflection holograms is researched in this paper. We present several parameters evaluating the performances of broadband reflection holograms, and establish a setup measuring diffraction efficiency of reflection holograms directly, and provides two methods for controlling DCG prehardening. The experiments are significant to the manufacture of reflection holograms in DCG.

In this paper a numerical simulation is used to calculate near-field intensity by `split light beam.' The calculation proves to be valid as we apply it to the plane wave. In the case of one dimension structure such as a compact disk sample, the near-field intensity profiles show a rather complicated structure. In many cases the near-field intensity does not represent the actual surface profile. The near-field intensity is strongly modulated by the surface structure. When the distance between the sample and the probe becomes larger, some subtle perturbation is added to the intensity profile, and a shift between the surface and the intensity profile became more clear. The shift may cause some problems when we use the optical probe as a multi- function probe to do some lithograph work or to position. In this paper, a comparison between the calculation and experiment results was made.

The number of display pixels required to present a holographic image can be reduced to a minimum determined by optical physics, but inevitably grows with the display size and angle of view The MIT holographic video system has recently been scaled up to provide images 85 mm high by 135 mm wide by ca. 200 mm deep, with an angle of view of 30=B0 and a vertical resolution of 144 lines. The minimum number ofpixels needed to support this display is 37.7 million (36 Mp), presented as 144 lines of 262 thousand (256 Kp). This large number of pixels presents considerable challenges for the interactive computation, communication and display of holographic video images. The presentation of such an image is made possible by optical parallelization of the display optics wherever possible. We use an 1 8-channel acousto-optical modulator, and a Fresnel-type moving mirror scanning system to overcome several practical limitations. The computation of such large holograms is speeded up by the elimination of as much information as possible from the hologram, notably its vertical parallax. Techniques of space discretization and table iookup reduce the computation time to a few seconds in most cases. Methods of "difftaction-specific' fringe computation and compression reduce the computation time even frirther. The use ofadaptive sub-sampling allows the lossless "compression" ofhologram data by a factor of two for speedy transmission and reconstruction at the display end of the channel. The general structure of the system includes an IBM Power Visualization System, which provides a 32-processor parallelized system for rapid compuation and compression of the holographic video pixels. A HiPPI link between the PVS and a specially-adapted digital image processing and frame store system (the Cheops system, designed for the Television of Tomorrow research program at MIT) allows transfer times of less than half a second. The output from eighteen synchronized 2-MB video memory circuits with arbitrarilylong line lengths are then converted to a 50-100 MHz signal suitable for the transducers for the acoustooptic modulators.

In this paper the demand for anti-counterfeiting holograms, the case examples of brand authentication, the current anti- counterfeiting techniques in China and the role of China Government in anti-piracy efforts are reported.

Compact reconstruction of hologram is an important technique to popularize the hologram widely. Edge illumination methods to realize this are reviewed and the features are discussed. The method to illuminate the hologram at large angle in air is also discussed and some experimental results are presented.

The yielding and displaying of the 3D images of object have been investigated for many years. The methods of designing non-spherical or complicated wavefront are important for fabrications of different optical elements with low aberrations, and also very useful for the synthesis of rainbow holograms of the 3D true-color objects. The display of 3D wavefront can be realized by several methods. In this paper the technique and system of holographic synthesis of computer designed-3D wavefront are described. The 2D amplitude distribution of light wavefront of object in the recording plane can be created by computer 3D image design and by sampling the wavefront in the angles. Then, these amplitude distributions after modified by computer are output into the holographic recording systems by means of high resolution liquid crystal display (LCD) plate to form the synthetic holographic master. The master is converted into image-plane rainbow hologram in the holographic systems. The advantages of the technique, compared with the CGH and conventional holographic method, are obvious. The LCD output is simple and fast. The wavefronts of true-color object can also be fabricated by this system. The different coding holographic gratings and elements, the true-color 3D rainbow holograms can be made successfully with the technique combined with spatial frequency-coding and color- controlling technology.

Very few possibilities are referred to give a solution to the problem of holographic television. We mean here holographic being any system capable of bringing images in continuous horizontal parallax. Occlusion is a necessary property for representing objects with realm, as opaque elements instead oftransparent ones. The only system we know that satisfies this requirements is being developed by Benton since 1989. It consists in processing the object information by Fourier transformation by very powerful parallel computing processing introducing this information in one crystal electrooptical modulator by means of acoustic waves while reading it by means of a laser. Color can be obtained by making a three-chromatic RGB system. The computer simulated images are, to our knowledge, well defmed in continuous horizontal parallax . It was recently reported 2 to have reached the size 8.5cm (V) x 13cm (H) x 20 cm3. We proposed a white light system capable of generating a vectorially addressed holo-like image This system was further developed recently to generate a sequence of TV planes where reach TV frame is seen oblique to a holographic screen, traversing it from its front to his back. A controlled mirror makes this plane to fill a volume by scanning along the screen, so that if we project a sequence of contour lines of an object it can be seen in continuous horizontal parallax, to a size of 1m3, up to now. First results using computer generated models will be described. The system has the possibility of occiussion by control of the spectral distribution when encoding each point, a development to reach in future work.

A new kind of method generating kinetic diffraction grating image is introduced in this paper. Its main property is that the technique of real time dividing light is used in the system. The work efficiency is raised much more than other method, and the angles between two thin beams for generating pixels are successive variable. The encoding principle of kinetic diffraction grating image is discussed. The concept of the grating spectral pallet is first proposed and the sampler of grating spectral pallet is given. The image can be generated to give satisfaction to custom with this grating spectral pallet. The image color can be in accord with the original image color, because there are as many grating spectral pallets as computer spectral pallets. The relation between the number of pallet and the angle of two thin beams is discussed. This kind of image is of high technology, short developing circle time and the properties of being kinetic and visible in 360 degree. It will be widely used in laser anti-counterfeiting, decorating and packing fields.

Recording of large-format color reflection holograms of the Denisyuk type has been performed in the new HOLOS' color holography facility in New Hampshire. Ultra-high resolution silver-halide emission of the Russian type is employed for the recording. With dichroic filter beam combination in the recording setup, simultaneous red-green-blue exposure is conducted. By this method, the RGB color balance ratio and overall exposure energy on the emulsion can be controlled independently. The facility is equipped with several high- power cw lasers (krypton-ion, argon-ion, and frequency- doubled Nd:YAG) to obtain three suitable laser wavelengths for color hologram production. A 30 foot long optical table enables HOLOS to generate color holograms up to 60 cm by 80 cm.

The one and two-step slitless methods are considering for rainbow hologram recording. The theory of the slitless rainbow holography and the Talbot effect in holography was developed on the basis of the Generalized Scheme for recording of rainbow holograms. The modulation theory and the Fourier analysis of optical signals was applicated by creation of this theory.

Techniques of making visible and concealed holographic secret codes based on optical moire phenomenon are described. Theoretical analysis, experimental results and the sample holograms with the secret codes are presented.

A novel method of two-step circular viewing rainbow holography is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A large viewing angle circular viewing rainbow hologram recorded on a plane plate can be obtained by using holographic phase conjugation technique and aperture conjugation technique. Here, the strict conjugation reconstruction and aiming process to replace the image are not necessary. Also, there is no requirement of large aperture lens.

A circular-viewing color-coding rainbow holography with a group of circular coding slits is presented, in which the color coding holographic image can be observed around a 360 degree(s) viewing circle, and no particular optical elements should be used.

Master holograms with color coding are widely used in making true color embossed holograms, such as 2D holograms and stereograms. But the master hologram can not be used to record true color relief rainbow hologram of 3D object with single laser light. A new master hologram with both color and position coding for true color 3D embossed hologram is presented in this paper. The characteristics of the new master hologram are analyzed in detail.

In this paper, a novel color-encoder which has dual functions of a beamsplitter and a beamshaper is proposed. This encoder could acquire very good uniformity of light field with high diffractive efficiency. An algorithm which combining tracing algorithm, G-S algorithm and Y-G algorithm is used to design this encoder, the result by computer simulation calculation shows: the diffraction efficiency is up to 93.3%, non-uniformity is less than 0.01%. And a new approach to encode and make a phase element by using color- printer techniques is proposed in this paper as well.

A full-page cryptographic security for rainbow holographic anticounterfeiting marks is presented in this paper. The theoretical analysis and experimental result is given.

In this paper, we introduce a new embossing holographic technique: holographic dual-beams interference technique. Using this technique, we can make more dynamic and brighter 2D holograms, which are used widely recently. Some methods of preparing images by computer are discussed in the paper.

Image hologram is analyzed and comprehended from a new point of view--microcoding patterns of elementary hologram in the paper. The elementary microcoding patterns of image hologram are quantitatively discussed using the elementary analysis method. The mathematic models of the spatial interference patterns of elementary image hologram are established, and the interference fringe patterns on recording plane are studied qualitatively. The purpose and significance of the study is to establish the information coding relationship between the spatial object information (especially position information) and the interference fringe patterns on recording plane correspondently. By analyzing the macroscopic physical meanings of the structural characteristics of interference patterns, the recording and reconstruction mechanism of image hologram are probed deeply into microscopic field.

The purpose of the study is to obtain extremely high efficiency of reflection holograms. An ultra-high-resolution silver-halide material, a super-stable table and optical system, a special developer as well as preventing emulsion shrinkage solution are described in this paper. Some techniques discussed can be applied to color reflection holograms.

The paper describes the principle of a 3D grating image display which is different from the real objective 3D hologram. This 3D grating image uses the cues that normally present in everyday human stereo perception and is based on the theory of grating patterns. Two methods are described and analyzed. The result is that the two methods are same in nature. The architecture for realizing full-color 3D grating image display is also given.

In this paper we examine the use of DOVIDs (Diffractive Optically Variable Image Devices) in the verification and authentication of documents and products. The paper reviews the history of this application of DOVIDs, provides quantitative and pricing data on the market as it is now, identifying that this is the most valuable and profitable sector for the manufacturers of DOVIDs. We consider how this market may develop in the future. We conclude that DOVIDs are the market leader in branded product and document authentication and there are many sectors where healthy growth can be expected. At the same time, there is a real threat to the realization of continued growth from the activities of counterfeiters of DOVIDs. Many organizations producing these counterfeit items are highly capable and inventive; they could share the legitimate market and gain more in the long-term than they will gain in the short-term from supplying counterfeits.

The propagation of shock wave of M_s equals 1.8 through single cylinder, double cylinders in a shock tube with a channel bend was studied experimentally with holographic interferometer. Quantitative density fields were obtained from interferograms for the double cylinders.

In this paper, the basic view points and methods of statistical metrological theory to holographic and speckle metrology are reviewed. As an example, the statistical theory is applied to quasi-heterodyne holographic interferometry. The results reveal the relation between fringe distribution and system parameters and the relation between measuring accuracy and system errors. From this example, it can be found that statistical metrological theory is superior that the conventional geometrical theory.

In this work suggested the holographic interferometer which can record series of double exposure holographic interferograms of high-speed processes with big shift and phase changes by one laser pulse.

In this paper the principle and storage capacity of spatioangularly multiplexed holographic data (SAMHD), by incorporating spherical reference beams into spatioangular multiplexing scheme, are described. The spatial selectivity of SAMHD is derived, based on its angular selectivity, by a simplified ray-optics method. The main advantage of SAMHD over the conventional block-oriented holographic storage is that the optical system for write/read of a disk would be much more simple. Preliminary experiments showing good agreement with theoretical analysis are presented.

A novel method for implementing joint transform correlation is presented, based on the theory of holographic optical disk storage. The specified optical disk holograms are designed by our developed iterative search algorithm. The holographic optical disk joint transform correlator and the track tracing techniques are described. The experiment results are given to demonstrate the proposed systems.

This paper presents the application of optical epoxy resin as transfer medium to duplicate the relief hologram onto the hard base material. Experiments have been conducted on photo sensitive and thermal sensitive resins in relief hologram duplication. The results have shown that the diffraction efficiency and spatial frequency of the duplicated hologram are approximate to those of the original ones, and its environmental stability is satisfactory. The new one-time transfer duplicating technique, its simple process and low investment offer a practical value in mass-duplicating production.

The holographic information transferred from photoresist master to replica is the relief groove depth. Many properties of the replica are related to groove depth of master, so to control the groove depth of photoresist master is important. In this paper, a novel method is adopted to obtain the value of the phase modulation by measuring diffraction light intensity of the photoresist master, since there is a certain relationship between groove depth and phase modulation, so the groove depth can be obtained indirectly.

Artistic holograms are usually standstill images. We propose fluctuated fine arts of holograms illuminated by many spot- lights randomly switched on and off. Color of reconstructed image of a rainbow hologram depends on the incident angle of the illuminating beam. A reconstructed image sticking out of a hologram depends on the horizontal incident direction of the illuminating beam. We applied this technique to rainbow holograms to fluctuate the image to fit them to human esthesia. Some illuminating methods and an experimental result are described.

Moving gratings at large fringe modulation and optical bias in photorefractive crystal Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ are investigated. With two-wave mixing architecture, the optimum fringe velocity and the enhancement of the diffraction efficiency exhibit strong nonlinear dependence on the fringe modulations. With four-wave mixing architecture, not only these nonlinear effects still exist but also the optimum pump beam ratio is totally different from a stationary grating. It is also found applying optical bias into moving gratings that the diffraction efficiency exhibits unexpected behavior. Experimental results of these nonlinear effects are presented.

Some new methods in real-time holographic interferometry are presented in this paper, such as how to obtain a high contrast of interference fringes in real-time holographic interferometry at the stage of recording or reconstruction; how to predict the deformation direction of an object by a simple and reliable method etc. These techniques are helpful for holographers to improve the precision and efficiency in real-time holographic interferometry.

Practical holographic systems utilizing the pulsed laser are finding potential applications in medicine. Exploiting both the hologram's true 3D image and holographic interferometry these techniques enhance the physician's vision beyond the 2D radiological imaging of even the best CT and MRI. The authors describe the use of pulsed laser holography as applied to the morphological specialties: anatomy, pathology, and surgery. The authors report on the Holographic Brain Anatomy Atlas for medical education; pathologic documentation with holography, and the use of holographic interferometry in surgical planning. The techniques are outlined and a discussion on the interpretation of holographic interferometry with living subjects is provided.

In this paper, the structure design of laser-resisting holographic protective film is introduced; the effect of the thickness and coefficient of the holographic recording medium on diffraction efficiency, on protective bandwidth, and on protective angle is analyzed: the testing results on the optical density, the protective angle, the effect of biological protection for rabbits' eyes are presented.

In this paper, we introduce the on-line holography measurement method of particle field. With the method, the sauter mean diameter distribution in cross-section of the rotary particle field can be effectively measured. We describe the character of the illuminating optical field, discuss the reason of low noise and no twin image and outline the identification system of the hologram. By this system we carried out the measure of 19 jet nozzles and provided voluble results for rotary particle field.

Speckle interferometry is an efficiency method to analyze vibration. In certain conditions, this technique has some outstanding, and not need strict shook-proof condition, compared with the holographic method for measuring vibration. Therefore, it is suitable for analysis vibration with a large amplitude. Real-time interferometry is a rapid and simple method for measuring vibration of a body, it gives speckle pattern containing amplitude distribution of body-surface. By means of time-averaged method, the speckle pattern is recorded in fourier transform plane, or vibration lines are seen directly with eye, so analyzed efficiently amplitude, phase, and model of vibration. This paper deduces the intensity distribution function with real-time method, and gives experimental proofs of vibration body--the vibration lines with different frequencies, the last, the conclusion.

The objectives of this work were to develop a moire deflectometry system to visualize gun muzzle flowfield, to analyze the acquired data for insight into the physics of the flow, and to determine temperature distribution in the field. An algebraic reconstruction technique was used to solve the ill-posed, linear set of equations that result from a series expansion of the temperature field. Moire tomography was shown to be a viable technique for acquiring the data needed to reconstruct 3D gun muzzle temperature fields.

In this paper, optical computer tomography technique is applied successfully to the investigation of radiant heat problem of integrated circuit chips. In accordance with their characteristics of asymmetrical and containing opaque objects, algebraic reconstruction technique is adopted to calculated 3D temperature distributions of radiator models. Reconstructed results are consistent with that of the measurement by use of thermocouples.

In many applications of computer tomography, it may be impossible to obtain projection data at all angles or there are opaque objects in the field. In such a situation we face a difficult problem to reconstruct a field from a set of incomplete projection data. Many techniques have been proposed to tackle these situations. In this paper, a modified Algebraic Reconstruction Technique is adopted and a attribute matrix is used to deal with the incomplete projection data by priori information. As an example, a symmetric flowfield in wind tummel is analyzed by this method.

An interferometer is described in which a holographic diffraction optical element and a spatial spectrum filter system are used to transform a two-slit interference intensity distribution into a three-beam interference intensity distribution. This makes the measuring precision of two-beam interferometers as high as three-beam interferometers. The theory of this transformation and the making of the holographic diffraction optical element are described.

In this paper, the holographic interferometry was used to real-time monitor extension procedure of crack in 30CrMnSiNi2A super-high strength steel, placed in corrosion environment. The experiment indicate that, this method can clearly display the change of interference fringes of strain at crack-tip, determine K_ISCC and fracture starting time of stress corrosion. Compared with other methods, it has obvious advantages.

Based on the rotating prism multiple holography and real- time method, we present a new technique which is a synthetic holographic interferometry. The usage of the technique can record both double-exposure hologram and single-exposure hologram on a single holofilm. The usage of rotating prism can modulate plane reference waves to record multiple holograms. When the multiple hologram is exactly restituted and the incident angle of plane reconstruction waves equals a modulated angle of plane reference wave, the reconstructed original image is at the same place as the original object. The place is used as a channel of real-time observation and the others are served to record double-exposure holograms. In this way, both single-exposure and double-exposure holographies can be realized on a holofilm. Observing simultaneously interferograms at standard state recorded by double exposure and `living fringe' provided by real-time method, we can compare the change of standard state with states of different times. The paper presents a synthetic holographic interferometry and provides a new method for precise real-time measurement.

This paper reports an experimental investigation on the statistical properties of laser speckle recorded by using a CCD camera under different F numbers. Statistical properties such as the probability density function of the intensity of the laser speckle varies with the F number of the optical set-up for different m parameters were analyzed and compared with the theoretical prediction.

It is known that the measurement range of holographic interferometry methods is limited due to the loss of correlation between interference waves and high frequency of interference fringes. Therefore to study continuous processes with big shift and phase changes it is necessary to develop a special method of holographic interferometry. The use of the suggested method enables to measure the object through the series of double exposure holographic interferograms rather than to measure it through one interferogram as in the rest of known methods.

The use of optical interferometric measurement techniques for the visualization and characterization of transient processes in transparent media and the evaluation of dynamic deformations is of increasing interest in many branches of industry and research. Methods like holographic interferometry (real-time, double exposure) have the disadvantage that the handling of the storage media (photo plates, thermoplastics) is difficult and expensive devices are needed (for instance thermoplastic cameras). Therefore one aim of optics research is the development and the implementation of novel optical storage media which are easy to handle and have potentially low cost. Furthermore a great number of modern optical methods require coherent electromagnetic waves, but the information is often carried by incoherent illumination (CCD-cameras) or by laser radiation with wavelengths (due to the absorption characteristics of the object under investigation) which are not suited for current materials or devices. For that reason the conversion of information from one wave to a wave with another wavelength or from incoherent light to coherent light is necessary. In this paper we describe two possible applications of different photoanisotropic polymer samples. At first these samples are used as holographic storage media in real-time holographic interferometry and at second as nonlinear media for incoherent-to-coherent conversion. The first example includes the principal experimental setup. The second example shows the possibility of incoherent-to- coherent conversion of information. The intensity transfer function of this conversion process is calculated.

The holographic build-up and erasure times of the azo-dye Disperse Red 13 in PMMA have been measured. The measurements have been taken at different reference-to-object beam intensity ratios to determine the optimum ratio for maximum diffraction of the readout beam by the photoinduced grating. These investigations have been carried out on azo-dye doped polymer films to determine their suitability for use in information processing by holographic methods. The edge- enhancement of various objects, both simple and complex, was demonstrated with this azo-dye doped polymer film, illustrating the possibility of nonlinear optical filtering using such photoanisotropic materials. The described method uses two interacting beams without any additional devices and allows the edge enhancement of moving objects.

A newly developed plane optical element-holographic disc as an omnidirectional scanner for bar code auto-recognition, with which the incident laser beam could be realized beam deflection and focus is described. The original design parameters are also given. The experiment shows that within the length of 500 mm, the height of the arc of scanning line will not exceed 12 mm, and the focused spot size is 0.2 mm averagely in this paper.

This paper presents a holographic diffuser for diffusion to definite direction. It can be used as objective carrier in an imaging system. The holographic diffuser has several functions of diffuser, prism and field lens. The angle of diffraction can be controlled. So the holographic diffusers have many advantages over conventional diffusers.

Available lifetime of red-sensitive-gelatin (RSG) system was investigated, experiments tells it is affected by concentration of electron donor essentially, there exists a relationship that is conditioning each other between improvement of sensitivity and the lifetime, this paper gives the analysis and directed by it, an optimized RSG recipe with its preparing process is reported herein.

In this paper, a novel photoetching cellulose film (PCF) is presented. The basic photochemical reaction process and the mechanism of image formation is discussed by means of electron spin resonance spectra and infrared spectra. The mixed absorption and phase modulation caused by color change and hotodegradation reaction leads to the stronger real-time effect, and developed PCF hologram is generated by pure positive surface relief modulation.

Here, a novel photopolymer system for recording holograms is presented. The photopolymer is sensitive to red light, so it is called RPP holographic recording material. In this paper, first of all, the components in RPP, for example, photosensitizer, photoinitiator, monomer, copolymer, combiner, stabilizer, hardener, and fabrication and processing technique of RPP are given. After that, the property of exposure in RPP is studied in the paper. It is found that RPP holographic plate has several advantages over the recording materials previously reported. First, the holograms recorded in RPP plate can be processed both in dry and in wet process. Second, the plate is only sensitive to red light, the sensitivity of which is about 2 mJ/cm². The third advantage of RPP is that the holograms recorded in it have high diffraction efficiencies which are over 40% and 80% in real-time and after wet processing respectively. Last, the RPP has high resolution which exceeds 4000 pp/mm. In the study of the exposure in RPP holographic plate, other phenomena in RPP, such as, real-time effect, light- amplification and modulation of single light beam effect, are found.

Photoconductive thermoplastic holographic recording material is a sort of photoconductive device laminated by organic photoconductive and thermoplastic resin. By using self-made 9,9-dicyanomethylene-2,4,7-trinitro fluorene (DCTNF) and Brilliant Green dye to cooperate in sensitizing the photoconductor poly-N-vinyl carbazole (PVK), the photoconductive thermoplastic material with PVK-DCTNF-DYE system photoconductive layer was obtained. Based on the effect of functional separation and coordination of the laminated structure, the photoconductive thermoplastic material with laminated photoconductive layers was obtained; the photoconductive thermoplastic material with polyphenylacethylene photoconductive layer has been studied. According to photoconductive thermoplastic material's capacity of forming a thin relief-phase hologram, we developed the technology of mass-productive embossed photoconductive thermoplastic holograms.

A method of multiple images produced by binary combined optical element of off-axis type is reported. The element having both functions of splitting and focusing is combined with a 2D Dammann grating and Fresnel zone plate. A imaging lens can be omitted in practical geometry. The setup became more simple and more compact. The arrangement of images is the same as the split arrays. The images are also clear and uniform.

We introduce a new type of microlens arrays, which has a continuous relief of parabolic section profile and has no dead area. Because of its continuous relief, this type of microlens arrays has much less chromatic aberration compare to kinoform microlens arrays, and has no dead area problem of other type of refractive microlens arrays. The method called `moving-mask' to fabricate such microlens arrays is presented and the experimental results are also given.

A new holographic optical elements for pseudo-color coding are presented. Under the new HOE, the manufacture of the rainbow `mother' hologram for holo-printing technology can be simplified.

A method for obtaining uniform alignment of ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) is presented. The uniform alignment is realized by ultrathin (< 80 angstroms) silicon monoxide (SiO) film evaporated at 80 degree(s) and the treatment of A.C. electric field. The alignment effects of ultrathin SiO film and thick SiO film (> 1000 angstroms) both evaporated at 80 degree(s) are compared. The layer direction of FLC cell with ultrathin SiO film at 80 degree(s) is perpendicular to that with thick film at the same deposition angle. The advantage of the ultrathin film is that the FLC cell aligned by this method can be easily treated to exhibit perfect bistability, excellent contrast and fast switching speed. The possible relation between the molecular orientation and the topographies of the SiO films is analyzed.

Stable green output was obtained in the laser diode array pumped intracavity-doubled Nd:BGO (Nd-doped Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂) laser by using a birefringent filter formed by a Brewster plate and a birefringent KTP crystal. Compared with Nd:YAG, the Nd:BGO crystal has many unique advantages. The devices demonstrated in this paper are expected to find applications in optical storage and image processing.

The stability of the latent image recorded in TMG-MBDCG was studied by means of investigating on the real-time diffraction efficiency. We found that the latent image will decline under low exposure, and such phenomenon can be reduced by heating. The mechanism of such decline is discussed in this paper also.

The grating as a chromatic dispersion component in a grating monochromator has various diffraction efficiency for parallel (Ep) and Vertical (Es) polarization directions to the gratin grooves. Sometimes, efficiency anomaly appears on some wavelengths. Moreover, the reflective efficiency of the reflection components depends partly on the polarized direction of the incident radiation, so the strong polarization response appeared in the grating monochromators. The polarized state of incident laser to the sample must be affected by the installation of outer optical system in Raman measurement, so optical components must be arranged with carefulness, and the effect of the polarized state of the laser beam on intensity of Raman spectrum do not be ignored when the samples are radiated.

The white balance tester is an instrument that adjusts the white balance for color TVs, monitors, and PC displays. We have designed a new white balance tester for use directly at the production line. It picks up the R (Red), G (Green), and B (Blue) signals for the screen using color sensors, compares the signals with the data previously stored in the internal memory, displays their differences with LED bars in the compare mode or displays x y Y, u v Y, JND (just noticeable difference) as well as correlated color temperature in the numerical mode. A built-in TV signal generator sets the luminance of the adjusting screen to the brightness of the reference white screen automatically. A 16-bit single chip microcomputer processes the measured values and controls the output levels of the TV signal generator.

A high resolution laser scanning image system (HRLSIS) is introduced in this paper. A 7 element f(theta) lens is designed, which linear distortion is less than 0.04% and MTF of all fields more than 0.5. Using a optical compensation method, pyramidal error of the rotating prism is less than 1'. Performance achieved by the HRLSIS is: length of scanning line is 200, pixel count per line is 8000, position accuracy of adjacent pixels is less than 5 (mu) .

A new high-resolution-silver-halide (HRSH-II) material was produced, which has proper initial hardness for fabricating silver halide sensitized gelatin (SHSG) holograms. That would avoid high noise by seeking the gelatin in hot water. With different alkali halide component in B solution and its concentration (the ratio B/A), experiments were presented about bleaching effect with R-10 on processing for SHSG derived from this new material. High diffraction efficiency, as high as 81%, was achieved. Some of the observations are discussed.

The stability of hologram recorded in DC-MBDCG plate, a new kind of gelatin recording material sensitized with double- sensitive-center method (reported lately by us), is investigated in this paper. The results show that the holograms recording in DC-MBDCG become more stable than in common dichromated gelatin. So, we believe the double- sensitive-center method is effective not only for system sensitizing but also for hologram stability enhancing. The mechanism of the results is discussed herein as well.

This paper gives an overview of phase unwrapping techniques for complex shape measurement. These techniques include phase unwrapping based on binary control mask, phase unwrapping based on ordering reliability, 2D filtering in Fourier transform profilometry, two-frequency grating phase unwrapping, et al.

Self-channeling of a laser beam in photorefractive fiber- like crystals has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Total internal reflections of strong fanning beams and their coupling with the pump beam result in the light intensity redistribution inside the crystal and in a photorefractive surface wave generation. A theoretical model of the photorefractive surface wave is presented considering the light energy flow from the pump beam to the scattered (fanning) light and backwards after the fanning beams reflections. Both anomalously fast photorefractive response time and its acceleration with increasing amplitude of the external ac electric field are experimentally demonstrated in a photorefractive Bi₁₂TiO₂₀ fiber. The photorefractive surface wave can be used as the energy source for the signal beam amplification in two-wave mixing experiments. This technique solves the problem of the pump beam depletion and it allows the high-gain low-noise amplification of ultraweak signals as it is experimentally shown for a Bi₁₂TiO₂₀ fiber. Improved two-wave mixing interaction in photorefractive fibers results in better parameters of the dynamic double phase conjugate mirror (DPCM) recorded by mutually incoherent pump beams. Novel configurations of the optical interferometric sensors using injection locking of semiconductor lasers with photorefractive DPCM are proposed and experimentally demonstrated.

In this paper, the term, fractal phase structure is presented. The recurrence formulas of Fourier spectral function of the Cantor relief fractal phase structure are derived out. A series of power spectral curves of the state that several generations coexist are produced by computer. The spectral characteristics fully shows the self-similarity property of the phase fractals. The Cantor relief fractal structure is successfully made by enzyme etching. Its power spectrum is recorded with CCD camera.

It is of great importance for the formation of p-n junction in semiconductors by penetrating some impurities through the depth near the surface, so it has long been paid attention to control the concentration distribution of impurities during the diffusion process. In recent years, ionic carburizing, and ion bombardment penetration etc. for the treatment of metal surface have also attracted by material sciences. It requires that the diffusion depth and the diffusion time of the impurities should be under precise control. Different methods, such as the method of radioisotopic detection and the method of chemical analysis have been adopted, however, the reports of different workers are very different, especially in the real time measurement, so, finding new method is never ending. In 1984, H. Fenichel have performed experiments on the solutions of table salt and sugar with the method of holographic interferometry. As for metals which are opaque for the visible light, but they become transparent by making them into a very thin film so that, in principle, the diffusion of atoms within a film is capable of measure by holographic interferometry. Alternatively, the electromagnetic waves within 1 - 70 micrometers wavelengths may be utilized, some materials, such as high purified germanium and silicon are good materials for infrared transmission. Some fluorides of alkaline-earth metals have high transmittance in the range of 1 - 8 micrometers , the concentration of impurities in the semiconductor and metal surface treatment are of 10¹⁵ - 10²⁰ atoms per cubic cm, which is capable of detection.

An off-axis type refractive/diffractive Gregorian telescopic optical system without any aspherical element and center obscuration is presented in this paper. A binary optical element is used to correct aberrations and its size is reduced to 1/3 or 1/4 of the Schmidt corrector. Using OSLO SIX4.2 (Sinclair Optics Inc.) optical design software, an off-axis infrared refractive/diffractive hybrid telescopic system is designed with the parameters: aperture (phi) equals 120 mm, effective focal length f equals -1000 mm, wavelength (lambda) equals 4.3 micrometers , the field of view 2 degree(s) X 6 degree(s), resolution Res equals 50 um, modulation transfer function >= 0.4 when the spatial frequency v <EQ 10 cycles/mm.

We present a technique for the measurement of temporal phase differences. In this method, the holographic storage of a given wavefront in a photorefractive BaTiO₃ crystal is combined with the interferometric phase-step technique. We obtain a novelty-filter phase-step method which allows for the measurement of phase changes within a unique process. The application and some features of the technique are demonstrated.

By analyzing the intensity of grating pattern we investigated a technique for automatic 3D shape measurement. Phase reduction is based on analyzing the intensity of the grating pattern which is produced by divergent illumination. Only one image pattern is sufficient and the technique is very simple. It has the nature of fast and accurate. The paper presents theoretical simulation and experimental results.

A series of phthalocyanine complex Langmuir-Blodgett films were fabricated to align nematic liquid crystals. The antiparallel type, twisted nematic type and hybrid-alignment nematic type cells were realized and their corresponding electro-optic characteristics were investigated adopting the He-Ne laser as the light source.

The performance of a self-referenced fiber sensor is analyzed. The theoretical limits of the fiber sensor performance are identified.

The principle of causing chirp and the chirp influence on soliton transmission were discussed. Using normal dispersion fiber to eliminate chirp was experimentally researched. The fundamental and high-order optical soliton transmissions were achieved using normal dispersion fiber elimination chirp for the first time in China.

A new technique of the real-time structural health monitoring system with fiber-optic sensors is reported. The fibers are etched equidistantly to fabricate the sensing ranges and are embedded in composite material perpendicularly to build the 2D fiber-optic sensor array. This paper discusses the methods of the etching fiber and the embedding fiber. The output light signals of the fibers that sense the strain distribution of composite material are processed by a computer and shown on the screen. The detecting results are given.

In this paper, we describe a 2D color grating image system. Using digital image process technology, we get the information of every pixel of a color image, then, according to the relation of pixels and grating pattern, under the control of a computer, using laser light, we make tiny oriented diffraction grating on a recording plate. The result is brilliant kinetic image which is dazzling under any light source.

On the basis of previous research results, we enlarge the measurement range of system by developing the measurement method of diameter using optical Fourier Transformation. The measurement precision of system is improved for the employment of the technique of accurate location of frequency-spectrum plane. The dynamic measurement precision is better than 0.5% for fine wire whose diameter is under 10 micrometers .

In industrial applications some single point laser range sensing systems by triangulation are often used. There are many algorithms to determine the center position. But there are basic physical limits ofaccuracy ofcenter position which is introduced by laser speckle on image. In this paper we conduct a computer simulation on the intensity distribution and graity of image speckle pattern produced under the completely coherent illumination, and give a direct result on some possible factors such as the observation aperture of an imaging system, the surface roughness, the number of microtopology units included in the point spread function and the width of illumination area. The result confirms the dependence of distance uncertainty on the observation aperture of an imaging system. A comparison between the simulation and earlier theoretical results is also given.

In this paper, it is suggested that a biological retina is simulated by means of silicon VLSI. Some characteristics of topological network and photoreceptor are analyzed and measured in the silicon retina.

The paper presents a technique which measures 3D diffuse object's surface phase. By computer simulation, it has ben found that the technique possess the properties of simple phase reduction algorithm and fast data processing as well as high accuracy. Particularly the simulation of phase measurement with reflectivity variation has been given.