Dr. Richard Su Profile

Dr. Richard Su

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Area of Expertise:

medical imaging , optoacoustics , ultrasound , spectroscopy , photoacoustics , image filtering

Publications (36)

SPIE Journal Paper | 16 March 2022 Open Access

Normalization of optical fluence distribution for three-dimensional functional optoacoustic tomography of the breast

Seonyeong Park, Frank Brooks, Umberto Villa, Richard Su, Mark Anastasio, Alexander Oraevsky

JBO, Vol. 27, Issue 03, 036001, (March 2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.27.3.036001

KEYWORDS: Breast, Tissue optics, 3D image processing, Signal attenuation, Optoacoustics, Blood, 3D image reconstruction, Blood vessels, Imaging systems, Breast imaging

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Proceedings Article | 6 March 2021 Presentation

Three-dimensional quantitative functional optoacoustic tomography to estimate vascular blood oxygenation of the breast

Seonyeong Park, Umberto Villa, Frank Brooks, Richard Su, Alexander Oraevsky, Mark Anastasio

Proceedings Volume 11642, 116421N (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2585341

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The goal of quantitative optoacoustic tomography (qOAT) is to reconstruct a distribution of absolute chromophore concentrations and/or functional properties from measurements of the optically induced pressure (ultrasound signals) acquired at multiple excitation wavelengths. Estimating the distribution of hemoglobin, an endogenous OAT chromophore, is important because the oxygen saturation distribution of the blood vessels is a well-known indicator of aggressive growth of a cancerous tumor. In a number of studies, a spectral linear unmixing method has been applied to two-dimensional slices of tissue acquired with OAT at multiple wavelengths, leading to promising results at moderate penetration depths of ≤ 2 cm. In the three-dimensional (3D) OAT of the breast, such functional images cannot be accurately reconstructed via the spectral linear unmixing method due to unknown spatial distribution of the optical fluence in a relatively large size of the volume of interest (≥ 4 cm). Optical attenuation in biological tissue depends on the optical wavelength, and the optical fluence is exponentially attenuated with increasing imaging depth. Thus, the accuracy of the estimated distribution decreases with depth. To overcome this challenge, we investigated a spectral linear unmixing method with a simplified optical fluence normalization based on measurements of background absorbed optical energy in the breast. We compare estimates of blood oxygen saturations from two-wavelength clinical OAT breast images and demonstrate acceptable accuracy of ~10% while lack of compensation for the optical fluence distribution can lead to values outside the physiological range. We also quantitatively compare the accuracy of oxygen saturation estimates using numerical simulation of photon transport in realistic 3D OAT breast phantoms at dual wavelengths of 757 and 850 nm with inverse ratio of the optical absorption by deoxy- (Hb) and oxy-hemoglobin (HbO2) and three wavelengths of 757, 800, and 850 nm with inclusion of isosbestic point of the optical absorption in Hb/HbO₂.

Proceedings Article | 6 March 2020 Presentation

Realistic three-dimensional optoacoustic tomography imaging trials using the VICTRE breast phantom of FDA (Conference Presentation)

Seonyeong Park, Umberto Villa, Richard Su, Alexander Oraevsky, Frank Brooks, Mark Anastasio

Proceedings Volume 11240, 112401H (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2552380

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Proceedings Article | 8 March 2019 Paper

Compensation for non-uniform illumination and optical fluence attenuation in three-dimensional optoacoustic tomography of the breast

Seonyeong Park, Alexander Oraevsky, Richard Su, Mark Anastasio

Proceedings Volume 10878, 108784X (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2514750

KEYWORDS: Breast, Tissue optics, Signal attenuation, Blood vessels, 3D image processing, Natural surfaces, Tissues, Optoacoustics, Tomography, Nipple

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Proceedings Article | 11 April 2018 Paper

Full-view 3D imaging system for functional and anatomical screening of the breast

Alexander Oraevsky, Richard Su, Ha Nguyen, James Moore, Yang Lou, Sayantan Bhadra, Luca Forte, Mark Anastasio, Wei Yang

Proceedings Volume 10494, 104942Y (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2318802

KEYWORDS: Breast, Optoacoustics, Imaging systems, Tumors, Transducers, Ultrasonography, Ultrasonics, 3D image processing, Diagnostics, Tomography

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Laser Optoacoustic Ultrasonic Imaging System Assembly (LOUISA-3D) was developed in response to demand of diagnostic radiologists for an advanced screening system for the breast to improve on low sensitivity of x-ray based modalities of mammography and tomosynthesis in the dense and heterogeneous breast and low specificity magnetic resonance imaging. It is our working hypothesis that co-registration of quantitatively accurate functional images of the breast vasculature and microvasculature, and anatomical images of breast morphological structures will provide a clinically viable solution for the breast cancer care. Functional imaging is LOUISA-3D is enabled by the full view 3D optoacoustic images acquired at two rapidly toggling laser wavelengths in the near-infrared spectral range. 3D images of the breast anatomical background is enabled in LOUISA-3D by a sequence of B-mode ultrasound slices acquired with a transducer array rotating around the breast. This creates the possibility to visualize distributions of the total hemoglobin and blood oxygen saturation within specific morphological structures such as tumor angiogenesis microvasculature and larger vasculature in proximity of the tumor. The system has four major components: (i) a pulsed dual wavelength laser with fiberoptic light delivery system, (ii) an imaging module with two arc shaped probes (optoacoustic and ultrasonic) placed in a transparent bowl that rotates around the breast, (iii) a multichannel electronic system with analog preamplifiers and digital data acquisition boards, and (iv) computer for the system control, data processing and image reconstruction. The most important advancement of this latest system design compared with previously reported systems is the full breast illumination accomplished for each rotational step of the optoacoustic transducer array using fiberoptic illuminator rotating around the breast independently from rotation of the detector probe. We report here a pilot case studies on one healthy volunteer and on patient with a suspicious small lesion in the breast. LOUISA3D visualized deoxygenated veins and oxygenated arteries of a healthy volunteer, indicative of its capability to visualize hypoxic microvasculature in cancerous tumors. A small lesion detected on optoacoustic image of a patient was not visible on ultrasound, potentially indicating high system sensitivity of the optoacoustic subsystem to small but aggressively growing cancerous lesions with high density angiogenesis microvasculature. The main breast vasculature (0.5-1 mm) was visible at depth of up to 40-mm with 0.3-mm resolution. The results of LOUISA-3D pilot clinical validation demonstrated the system readiness for statistically significant clinical feasibility study.

SPIE Journal Paper | 27 May 2016 Open Access

Optical clearing of skin enhanced with hyaluronic acid for increased contrast of optoacoustic imaging

Anton Liopo, Richard Su, Dmitri Tsyboulski, Alexander Oraevsky

JBO, Vol. 21, Issue 08, 081208, (May 2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.21.8.081208

KEYWORDS: Skin, Tissue optics, Optical clearing, Imaging systems, Biomedical optics, Tissues, Nickel, Water, Polymers, Image segmentation

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Proceedings Article | 29 March 2016 Paper

Advanced laser system for 3D optoacoustic tomography of the breast

Marc Klosner, Gary Chan, Chunbai Wu, Donald Heller, Richard Su, Sergey Ermilov, Hans Peter Brecht, Vassili Ivanov, Pratik Talole, Yang Lou, Mark Anastasio, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 9708, 97085B (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2209398

KEYWORDS: Breast, Laser systems engineering, Absorption, Imaging systems, Pulsed laser operation, Alexandrite lasers, Tissues, Blood, Breast imaging, Optical parametric oscillators

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Proceedings Article | 18 March 2016 Presentation + Paper

Small animal optoacoustic tomography system for molecular imaging of contrast agents

Richard Su, Anton Liopo, Sergey Ermilov, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 9708, 97081S (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2217635

KEYWORDS: Molecular imaging, Tomography, Imaging systems, Signal to noise ratio, Pre-clinical research, Indocyanine green, In vivo imaging, Spatial resolution, Preclinical imaging, Animal model studies, Absorption, Tumors, Blood, Image segmentation, Protactinium, Neodymium

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2015 Paper

Three-dimensional laser optoacoustic and laser ultrasound imaging system for biomedical research

Sergey Ermilov, Richard Su, Andre Conjusteau, Tanmayi Oruganti, Kun Wang, Fatima Anis, Mark Anastasio, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 9323, 93230N (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2085028

KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Ultrasonography, 3D image processing, Absorption, Acoustics, Transducers, Laser systems engineering, Reconstruction algorithms, Kidney, Tomography

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2015 Paper

Accelerated iterative image reconstruction in three-dimensional optoacoustic tomography

Fatima Anis, Kun Wang, Richard Su, Sergey Ermilov, Alexander Oraevsky, Mark Anastasio

Proceedings Volume 9323, 932315 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2084087

KEYWORDS: Image restoration, Reconstruction algorithms, Transducers, 3D image processing, Tomography, Imaging systems, Image quality, Algorithm development, 3D modeling, Image analysis

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Proceedings Article | 3 March 2014 Paper

3D laser optoacoustic ultrasonic imaging system for research in mice (LOUIS-3DM)

Sergey Ermilov, Richard Su, Andre Conjusteau, Vassili Ivanov, Vyacheslav Nadvoretskiy, Tanmayi Oruganti, Pratik Talole, Fatima Anis, Mark Anastasio, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 8943, 89430J (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2044817

KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Imaging systems, Acoustics, 3D image processing, Transducers, Receivers, Tomography, Visualization, Reconstruction algorithms, Prototyping

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Proceedings Article | 3 March 2014 Paper

Controlled bacteria-gold nanorod interactions for enhancement of optoacoustic contrast

Anton Liopo, Paul Derry, Boris Ermolinsky, Richard Su, André Conjusteau, Sergey Ermilov, Eugene Zubarev, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 8943, 894368 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2044628

KEYWORDS: Bacteria, Gold, Plasmons, Imaging systems, Absorbance, Scanning electron microscopy, Absorption, Optical properties, Calibration, Nanorods

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Proceedings Article | 3 March 2014 Paper

Investigation of the adjoint-state method for ultrasound computed tomography: a numerical and experimental study

Fatima Anis, Yang Lou, André Conjusteau, Richard Su, Tanmayi Oruganti, Sergey Ermilov, Alexander Oraevsky, Mark Anastasio

Proceedings Volume 8943, 894337 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042636

KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Reconstruction algorithms, Computed tomography, Imaging systems, Breast imaging, Biomedical optics, Transducers, CT reconstruction, Image restoration, Tomography

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Proceedings Article | 3 March 2014 Paper

Temperature dependence of Grüneisen parameter in optically absorbing solutions measured by 2D optoacoustic imaging

Elena Petrova, Sergey Ermilov, Richard Su, Vyacheslav Nadvoretskiy, André Conjusteau, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 8943, 89430S (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2039949

KEYWORDS: Temperature metrology, Nickel, Absorbance, Thermodynamics, Carbon, Thermography, Liquids, Optical testing, Fiber lasers, Laser optics

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Proceedings Article | 4 March 2013 Paper

3D laser optoacoustic ultrasonic imaging system for preclinical research

Sergey Ermilov, André Conjusteau, Travis Hernandez, Richard Su, Vyacheslav Nadvoretskiy, Dmitri Tsyboulski, Fatima Anis, Mark Anastasio, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 8581, 85810N (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2008811

KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Imaging systems, Acoustics, 3D image processing, Tomography, Visualization, Signal attenuation, 3D modeling, Ultrasound tomography, Pre-clinical research

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Proceedings Article | 4 March 2013 Paper

Image reconstruction and system optimization for three-dimensional speed of sound tomography using laser-induced ultrasound

Fatima Anis, Richard Su, Vyacheslav Nadvoretsky, André Conjusteau, Sergey Ermilov, Alexander Oraevsky, Mark Anastasio

Proceedings Volume 8581, 85814T (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2008813

KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Ultrasonography, Transducers, 3D image processing, Tomography, Image restoration, Receivers, Reconstruction algorithms, 3D modeling, Biomedical optics

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Proceedings Article | 4 March 2013 Paper

Towards non-invasive in vivo measurements of nanoparticle concentrations using 3D optoacoustic tomography

Dmitri Tsyboulski, Anton Liopo, Richard Su, Sergei Ermilov, Sergei Bachilo, R. Bruce Weisman, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 8581, 85814V (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2008897

KEYWORDS: Absorption, Nanoparticles, Spleen, Liver, Kidney, Luminescence, In vivo imaging, Tomography, Tissue optics, Tissues

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SPIE Journal Paper | 15 June 2012 Open Access

Three-dimensional optoacoustic imaging as a new noninvasive technique to study long-term biodistribution of optical contrast agents in small animal models

Richard Su, Sergey Ermilov, Anton Liopo, Alexander Oraevsky

JBO, Vol. 17, Issue 10, 101506, (June 2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.17.10.101506

KEYWORDS: Blood, 3D image processing, Gold, Nanoparticles, Video, Kidney, Image segmentation, Absorption, 3D modeling, Biomedical optics

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Proceedings Article | 23 February 2012 Paper

Optoacoustic 3D visualization of changes in physiological properties of mouse tissues from live to postmortem

Richard Su, Sergey Ermiliov, Anton Liopo, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 8223, 82230K (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.910975

KEYWORDS: Blood, Tissues, Neodymium, Tomography, Organisms, Kidney, 3D visualizations, Hypoxia, Opacity, Visualization

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Proceedings Article | 23 February 2012 Paper

Clinical feasibility study of combined optoacoustic and ultrasonic imaging modality providing coregistered functional and anatomical maps of breast tumors

Jason Zalev, Don Herzog, Bryan Clingman, Tom Miller, Kenneth Kist, N. Carol Dornbluth, B. Michelle McCorvey, Pamela Otto, Sergey Ermilov, Vyacheslav Nadvoretsky, Andre Conjusteau, Richard Su, Dmitri Tsyboulski, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 8223, 82230A (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.910968

KEYWORDS: Tissue optics, Blood, Breast, Tumors, Ultrasonography, Tissues, Imaging systems, Absorption, Ultrasonics, Functional imaging

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Proceedings Article | 15 June 2011 Paper

Optoacoustic tomography in preclinical research: in vivo distribution of highly purified PEG-coated gold nanorods

Richard Su, Anton Liopo, Hans-Peter Brecht, Sergey Ermilov, Kirill Larin, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 8089, 808902 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.889757

KEYWORDS: Liver, Gold, Absorption, Toxicity, Tomography, In vivo imaging, 3D image processing, Tissues, Kidney, Nanorods

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Proceedings Article | 11 April 2011 Paper

Image processing and analysis in a dual-modality optoacoustic/ultrasonic system for breast cancer diagnosis

Vyacheslav Nadvoretskiy, Sergey Ermilov, Hans-Peter Brecht, Richard Su, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 7899, 789909 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.877389

KEYWORDS: Tumors, Image analysis, Image filtering, Imaging systems, Breast, Image processing, Breast cancer, Image enhancement, Tissues, Ultrasonography

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Proceedings Article | 11 April 2011 Paper

Optoacoustic imaging system with improved collection efficiency

Dmitri Tsyboulski, André Conjusteau, Sergey Ermilov, Hans-Peter Brecht, Anton Liopo, Richard Su, Vyacheslav Nadvoretsky, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 7899, 78991D (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.877723

KEYWORDS: Transducers, Ultrasonography, Wavefronts, Microscopy, Reflectors, Mirrors, Acoustics, Signal attenuation, Imaging systems, Spherical lenses

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Proceedings Article | 28 February 2011 Paper

Gold nanorod distribution in mouse tissues after intravenous injection monitored with optoacoustic tomography

Richard Su, Anton Liopo, Hans-Peter Brecht, Sergey Ermilov, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 7899, 78994B (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.878794

KEYWORDS: Liver, Kidney, Gold, Spleen, Tissues, Nanoparticles, Tomography, In vivo imaging, Silver, Nanorods

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 March 2010 Open Access

Optoacoustic imaging of the prostate: development toward image-guided biopsy

Mohammad Yaseen, Sergey Ermilov, Hans-Peter Brecht, Richard Su, André Conjusteau, Matthew Fronheiser, Brent Bell, Massoud Motamedi, Alexander Oraevsky

JBO, Vol. 15, Issue 02, 021310, (March 2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.3333548

KEYWORDS: Prostate, Tissues, Acoustics, Tissue optics, Signal detection, Biopsy, In vivo imaging, Imaging systems, Tumors, Signal processing

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 March 2010 Open Access

Feasibility of optoacoustic visualization of high-intensity focused ultrasound-induced thermal lesions in live tissue

Parag Chitnis, Hans-Peter Brecht, Richard Su, Alexander Oraevsky

JBO, Vol. 15, Issue 02, 021313, (March 2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.3339977

KEYWORDS: Tissue optics, Tissues, Transducers, Absorption, In vivo imaging, Visualization, Thermography, Imaging systems, Ultrasonography, Blood

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 March 2010 Open Access

Real-time optoacoustic monitoring and three-dimensional mapping of a human arm vasculature

Matthew Fronheiser, Sergey Ermilov, Hans-Peter Brecht, André Conjusteau, Richard Su, Ketan Mehta, Alexander Oraevsky

JBO, Vol. 15, Issue 02, 021305, (March 2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.3370336

KEYWORDS: Arteries, Veins, Blood vessels, Visualization, Imaging systems, Video, Ultrasonography, Real time imaging, Skin, Blood circulation

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Proceedings Article | 26 February 2010 Paper

In vivo 3D visualization of peripheral circulatory system using linear optoacoustic array

Sergey Ermilov, Hans-Peter Brecht, Matthew Fronheiser, Vyacheslav Nadvoretsky, Richard Su, Andre Conjusteau, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 7564, 756422 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.847933

KEYWORDS: Blood vessels, Arteries, Computer simulations, Veins, Absorption, Skin, 3D image processing, Blood, In vivo imaging, Laser beam diagnostics

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Proceedings Article | 24 February 2010 Paper

Optoacoustic imaging of HIFU-induced thermal lesions in tissue

Parag Chitnis, Hans-Peter Brecht, Richard Su, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 7564, 75643I (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.847114

KEYWORDS: Tissues, Tissue optics, In vivo imaging, Absorption, Transducers, Ultrasonography, Tumors, Visualization, Blood, Liver

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Proceedings Article | 24 February 2010 Paper

Real-time optoacoustic imaging of breast cancer using an interleaved two laser imaging system coregistered with ultrasound

Sergey Ermilov, Matthew Fronheiser, Vyacheslav Nadvoretsky, Hans-Peter Brecht, Richard Su, André Conjusteau, Ketan Mehta, Pamela Otto, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 7564, 75641W (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.847946

KEYWORDS: Tumors, Breast, Breast cancer, Ultrasonics, Imaging systems, Ultrasonography, Blood vessels, Mammography, Deconvolution, Visualization

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Proceedings Article | 24 February 2010 Paper

Toward functional imaging using the optoacoustic 3D whole-body tomography system

R. Su, H.-P. Brecht, S. Ermilov, V. Nadvoretsky, A. Conjusteau, A. Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 7564, 756423 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.847044

KEYWORDS: Absorption, Nickel, Tomography, Imaging systems, 3D image processing, Scattering, Signal processing, Wavelets, Functional imaging, Filtering (signal processing)

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Proceedings Article | 24 February 2010 Paper

Compensation for transducer effects in optoacoustic tomography

Kun Wang, Mark Anastasio, Sergey Ermilov, Hans-Peter Brecht, Richard Su, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 7564, 75640P (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.842459

KEYWORDS: Transducers, Reconstruction algorithms, Tomography, Image restoration, 3D modeling, Ultrasonography, Image resolution, Data modeling, Optical tomography, Optical imaging

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 November 2009 Open Access

Whole-body three-dimensional optoacoustic tomography system for small animals

Hans-Peter Brecht, Richard Su, Matthew Fronheiser, Sergey Ermilov, André Conjusteau, Alexander Oraevsky

JBO, Vol. 14, Issue 06, 064007, (November 2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.3259361

KEYWORDS: Tomography, Transducers, 3D image processing, Imaging systems, Opacity, Visualization, Video, Veins, Tissue optics, Kidney

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Proceedings Article | 25 February 2009 Paper

Characterization of optoacoustic transducers through the analysis of angular-dependent frequency response

André Conjusteau, Sergey Ermilov, Richard Su, Hans-Peter Brecht, Matthew Fronheiser, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 7177, 71770U (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.812339

KEYWORDS: Transducers, Acoustics, Sensors, Calibration, Wavefronts, Ultrasonography, Signal attenuation, Pulsed laser operation, Image restoration, Signal to noise ratio

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Proceedings Article | 25 February 2009 Paper

Optoacoustic 3D whole-body tomography: experiments in nude mice

Hans-Peter Brecht, Richard Su, Matt Fronheiser, Sergey Ermilov, André Conjusteau, Anton Liopo, Massoud Motamedi, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 7177, 71770E (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.812319

KEYWORDS: Blood vessels, Linear filtering, Wavelets, Tomography, Electronic filtering, Transducers, Imaging systems, Tissue optics, 3D image processing, Alexandrite lasers

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Proceedings Article | 25 February 2009 Paper

Development of laser optoacoustic and ultrasonic imaging system for breast cancer utilizing handheld array probes

Sergey Ermilov, Matthew Fronheiser, Hans-Peter Brecht, Richard Su, André Conjusteau, Ketan Mehta, Pamela Otto, Alexander Oraevsky

Proceedings Volume 7177, 717703 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.812192

KEYWORDS: Breast, Transducers, Tumors, Acoustics, Ultrasonics, Imaging systems, 3D modeling, Signal processing, Visualization, Tissue optics

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We describe two laser optoacoustic imaging systems for breast cancer detection based on arrays of acoustic detectors operated manually in a way similar to standard ultrasonic breast imaging. The systems have the advantages of standard light illumination (regardless of the interrogated part of the breast), the ability to visualize any part of the breast, and convenience in operation. The first system could work in both ultrasonic and optoacoustic mode, and was developed based on a linear ultrasonic breast imaging probe with two parallel rectangular optical bundles. We used it in a pilot clinical study to provide for the first time demonstration that the boundaries of the tumors visualized on the optoacoustic and ultrasonic images matched. Such correlation of coregistered images proves that the objects on both images represented indeed the same tumor. In the optoacoustic mode we were also able to visualize blood vessels located in the neighborhood of the tumor. The second system was proposed as a circular array of acoustic transducers with an axisymmetric laser beam in the center. It was capable of 3D optoacoustic imaging with minimized optoacoustic artifacts caused by the distribution of the absorbed optical energy within the breast tissue. The distribution of optical energy absorbed in the bulk tissue of the breast was removed from the image by implementing the principal component analysis on the measured signals. The computer models for optoacoustic imaging using these two handheld probes were developed. The models included three steps: (1) Monte Carlo simulations of the light distribution within the breast tissue, (2) generation of optoacoustic signals by convolving N-shaped pressure signals from spherical voxels with the shape of individual transducers, and (3) back-projecting processed optoacoustic signals onto spherical surfaces for image reconstruction. Using the developed models we demonstrated the importance of the included spatial impulse response of the optoacoustic imaging system.

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